What happens when research misconduct occurs? | All members of the University community have an obligation to report good faith suspicions of research misconduct. Allegations should be directed to the RIO, but may also be directed to the department chair or dean of the responsible unit where alleged research misconduct occurred. Assesment: The RIO, in consultation with the Deciding Official if needed, shall promptly make a preliminary assessment of an allegation to determine whether it falls within the definition of research misconduct, and whether the allegations are sufficiently credible and specific so that potential evidence of misconduct may be identified. Inquiry Initiation of the Inquiry: The RIO or Deciding Official will notify the Respondent in writing of the allegation and provide a copy of the Policy and the relevant procedures, if any, of the school. The RIO will take all reasonable and practical steps at the time of or before beginning an inquiry to obtain custody of all the relevant research records and the evidence needed to conduct the inquiry, to inventory the records and evidence, and to sequester them in the office of the RIO or another designated, secure location. The Respondent is obligated to cooperate with all requests of the University to obtain this information. Where the research records or evidence encompass scientific instruments shared by a number of users, custody may be limited to copies of the data or evidence on such instruments, so long as those copies are substantially equivalent to the evidentiary value of the information on the instruments. The purpose of the inquiry is to conduct an initial review of the evidence to determine whether to proceed with an investigation by identifying meritorious accusations and to put quickly to rest frivolous, unjustified, or mistaken allegations. Role of an Advisor: At the beginning of the inquiry process, the Respondent will be afforded the opportunity to consult with an uninvolved senior faculty member, who will serve as advisor to the Respondent throughout the proceedings in accordance with any school level procedures. The role of the advisor will be to offer advice and guidance regarding the procedural aspects of the process. The advisor shall not act as an advocate for the Respondent. Conduct of the Inquiry: In consultation with the RIO, the Deciding Official will appoint one or more members of the faculty, in accordance with School procedures, who do not have unresolved personal, professional or financial conflicts of interest with those involved in the inquiry, and who possess the necessary and appropriate expertise to evaluate the available evidence regarding the allegation (the “Inquiry Committee”). The Deciding Official shall provide a written charge to the Inquiry Committee, detailing the allegations to be considered by the Inquiry Committee. Every effort will be made to complete the inquiry within 60 calendar days of its initiation. If the inquiry requires longer than 60 days to complete, the record of the inquiry will document the reasons for exceeding 60 days. When the inquiry is completed, a draft report will be prepared by the Inquiry Committee. The RIO will assist the Inquiry Committee with ensuring that their written report states what evidence was reviewed, summarizes relevant interviews (if interviews were conducted), and includes sufficient detail to support the conclusions of the inquiry. The Respondent will be provided a copy of the draft inquiry report and will be given an opportunity to comment on the report. Comments from the Respondent must be received within 14 days of his or her receipt of the draft inquiry report. The final written report of the matter along with any comments received by the Respondent(s) will be submitted to the Deciding Official. Outcome: Recommendation to Proceed to Investigation: If the inquiry concludes that there appear to be grounds for an investigation of research misconduct, the Deciding Official will initiate a formal investigation into the matter and notify the Provost of the pending investigation. If the matter involves federally supported research or an application for federal support, the appropriate federal agency will also be notified by the RIO, as required by federal regulations. Admission by Respondent: If the Respondent makes a legally sufficient admission of research misconduct at the inquiry stage, an allegation may be closed at the Inquiry stage, provided that all issues raised by the allegation are resolved, and the RIO obtains from the Respondent a written admission that details the specifics of the research misconduct. For research funded by any Public Health Service (“PHS”) agency, the RIO must consult with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (“DHHS”) Office of Research Integrity before closing the matter on the basis of an admission.
Investigation The Initiation of the Investigation: At the initiation of the investigation, the Deciding Official shall inform the Respondent in writing of all the charges against him or her and the fact that an investigation is being initiated. The Respondent must be informed promptly in writing of any amendment to the original allegations that may be identified as the investigation proceeds. The Respondent will be notified in writing of the names of the members of the Investigation Committee appointed by the Deciding Official to conduct the investigation. The Respondent may request, within five (5) days of receiving that notification, that the Deciding Official replace a member of the Investigation Committee on a reasonable showing of potential bias or conflict of interest. The Deciding Official’s decision as to whether or not to replace a member of the Investigation Committee may not be appealed during the pendency of the investigation, but may be raised as part of an appeal at the conclusion of the matter, as set forth in Section V of this Policy. Conduct of the Investigation: The investigation will be conducted by an Investigation Committee appointed by the Deciding Official, in accordance with procedures of the particular school or University division. The Investigation Committee will consist of three or more faculty members from the Johns Hopkins University or other academic institutions as may be needed to provide the necessary expertise. The Deciding Official shall provide a written charge to the Investigation Committee, detailing the allegations to be considered by the Investigation Committee. Investigation Committee will initiate the investigation within 30 days of the completion of the inquiry and make a good-faith effort to complete all aspects of the investigation within 120 days of its initiation. If the Investigation Committee is unable to complete all aspects of the investigation within 120 days and federal funds are involved, a request for an extension will be made by the RIO to the appropriate federal agency pursuant to applicable regulations. The Investigation Committee will conduct a careful review of the allegations and afford an opportunity for all individuals concerned to present their knowledge and information. The Investigation Committee may consider it necessary to review potential research misconduct beyond that identified in the initial allegations, in which case the Respondent will be informed in writing by the RIO of the additional allegations. If, in the course of the investigation, the Investigation Committee finds reasonable grounds to believe there should be an inquiry into actions of individuals other than the Respondent, the RIO must notify the Deciding Official promptly. At any stage of the investigation, the Deciding Official, after consultation with the Investigation Committee and the RIO, may take steps to notify other parties who, in the Deciding Official’s judgment, should be informed of the ongoing investigation. The Deciding Official will also take interim administrative action as necessary to protect any sponsored project funding and assure that intended purposes of the sponsored research in question are being carried out. Meetings of the Investigation Committee: The Investigation Committee will give the Respondent written notification of the place, time, and date of any meeting at which her/his appearance is requested. Every effort will be made to schedule such meetings at a mutually convenient time. Unless waived by the Respondent, no initial meeting with the Investigation Committee will take place less than seven days after he or she receives the Investigation Committee’s request to appear. The Respondent may request a rescheduling of the meeting(s) with the Investigation Committee for good cause. The Respondent’s failure or refusal to meet with the Investigation Committee will not deter the progress of the investigation. If the Respondent is no longer a member of the University community, the requirements of written notice and an opportunity to answer to the charge of misconduct will be observed as far as is practical, but the failure of the Respondent to respond or to make himself or herself available to those with investigatory responsibilities will not deter the investigation. If an advisor has been appointed to advise the Respondent, the advisor may attend meetings if requested by the Respondent, but may not present matters or advocate on behalf of the Respondent. All testimony to the Investigation Committee by the Respondent or other persons will be recorded and transcribed. Copies of the transcripts will be furnished to the Respondent. All those interviewed may submit corrections of any transcription errors, but may not otherwise edit the transcript. The Respondent will be allowed to present a written statement at the start of the investigation. He or she may request that the Investigation Committee interview certain individuals with relevant information, and may suggest to the Investigation Committee any avenues of inquiry that he or she believes are likely to produce relevant evidence. The Respondent may submit written questions for the Investigation Committee to present to the Complainant. The Committee may determine that such questions are duplicative or not relevant to the matters at hand, and in such case, may elect not to present the questions to the Complainant. Investigation Committee Report: At the conclusion of the investigation, a report will be prepared by the Investigation Committee. The RIO will assist the committee to ensure that the report includes the names of the persons interviewed; a summary of the interviews; a description of the documents, data, and other evidence examined; and the Investigation Committee’s conclusion regarding each of the allegations. The Respondent will be given a copy of the Investigation Committee’s draft report and a copy of, or supervised access to, the evidence on which the report is based. The Respondent may submit comments on the draft report within 14 days of receipt. The RIO may grant Respondent an extension of an additional 7 days in which to submit comments upon good cause shown. The Committee will finalize its report, taking into account any comments from the Respondent if deemed appropriate by the Committee. The Committee will forward its final report and the Respondent’s comments, if any, to the Deciding Official. A copy of the report will be provided by the RIO to the responsible federal agency as required by regulation. Outcome of the investigation Good Faith Determination: If, in the judgment of the Investigation Committee, the allegations, however incorrect or unsupportable, were made in good faith, no retaliatory or disciplinary action will be taken against the Complainant(s) and appropriate measures will be taken to protect the Complainant(s) from retaliation. If, with due regard to whistleblower protections, the Investigation Committee finds that the allegations of misconduct were not made in good faith, the Deciding Official may take appropriate disciplinary action against those responsible. Finding of Misconduct: If the Investigation Committee concludes that research misconduct has occurred, it will report its findings and the significance assigned by the Investigation Committee to such findings, to the Deciding Official. The Investigation Committee’s report may include recommendations as to disciplinary and/or corrective action, if consistent with school procedures. The Deciding Official, or his or her designee, may ask questions including with regard to recommendations for disciplinary and/or corrective action (if school procedures contemplate the Investigation Committee making such recommendations) of the Investigation Committee. The Deciding Official will accept or reject the investigation report in whole or in part. Upon acceptance of the report or any part of the report by the Deciding Official, the Deciding Official or any other disciplinary committee established by individual school policy will propose sanctions and/or corrective action which may include any of the following: withdrawal or correction of papers, abstracts, or other publications; notification of journal editors where the research at issue has been published or is under review; notification of sponsoring agencies; d) termination or alteration of employment status, including periods of supervised probation; postponement or denial of promotion or advancement; release of information about the incident to the public, particularly when public funds were used to support the fraudulent or suspect research; or any other action deemed appropriate to the circumstances
Appeals: The Respondent may appeal the determination of research misconduct in writing to the Provost of the University within 14 days of the Deciding Official’s decision. The Provost’s review of the appeal will be limited to the adequacy of the procedures followed and the appropriateness of the disciplinary action taken, and the Provost shall render a decision on the appeal promptly and inform the Deciding Official of the Provost’s decision.
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Resources | Definitions Allegation
A disclosure of possible research misconduct through any means of communication directly to a Deciding Official or the Research Integrity Officer (“RIO”) or to the Deciding Official or RIO via other University or School officials. Complainant
A person who makes a good faith allegation of research misconduct. Deciding Official
Under this Policy, the deciding official is the Dean (or the Dean’s designee) of the school in which the Respondent has his or her primary appointment or employment. Where an allegation is brought that involves a Deciding Official as a potential Respondent or witness, the RIO shall consult with the Provost, who shall appoint a non-conflicted Deciding Official for such matter. Evidence
Any document or data in any medium (including but not limited to electronic and digital files), tangible item, or testimony offered or obtained during a research misconduct proceeding that tends to prove or disprove the existence of an alleged fact. The destruction, absence of, or Respondent’s failure to provide Research Records accurately documenting the questioned research may constitute evidence of research misconduct. Fabrication
Making up data or results and recording or reporting them. Falsification
Manipulating research materials, equipment or processes, or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record. Good Faith With respect to a Complainant or witness, having a belief in the truth of one’s allegation or testimony that a reasonable person in the Complainant’s or witness’ position could have, based on the information known to the Complainant or witness at the time. An allegation of research misconduct or testimony in a research misconduct investigation is not considered to be provided in good faith if it is made with knowing or reckless disregard for information that would disprove the allegation or testimony; and
With respect to a committee member, carrying out the duties assigned in an honest and impartial manner, free of influence from personal, professional, or financial conflicts of interest which may compromise, or appear to compromise, the committee member’s objectivity.
Plagiarism
The appropriation of another person’s ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit. Plagiarism does not include authorship disputes. Preponderance of the Evidence
Proof by information, compared with that opposing it, that a matter at issue is more probably true than not. Research
A systematic experiment, study, evaluation, demonstration or survey designed to develop or contribute to general knowledge (basic research) or specific knowledge (applied research) in all fields. Research Integrity Officer (“RIO”)
The person appointed by the Provost who has primary responsibility for implementing this Policy. The RIO may delegate certain duties to School RIOs appointed by the Deciding Official for the relevant School. In such cases, references to RIO in this Policy shall include the School RIO. The RIO shall serve as a non-voting, ex officio member solely to provide procedural guidance to Inquiry and Investigation committees.
The RIO shall 1) receive allegations, 2) conduct (in coordination with the Deciding Official) assessments of allegations, 3) ensure that potential evidence of research misconduct is collected and sequestered in a timely manner, 4) ensure that regulatory requirements and timelines are met, 5) ensure that decisions made under this Policy are appropriately documented, 6) maintain confidentiality during the pendency of assessments, inquiries and investigations, and 7) complete all regulatory recordkeeping and reporting obligations set forth in this Policy and applicable federal regulations. Research Misconduct
Falsification, fabrication or plagiarism in the proposing, performing, reviewing or reporting of research. Research misconduct does not include honest error or differences of opinion.
Each of the following must be proven by a preponderance of the evidence to support a finding of research misconduct: a. There has been a significant departure from the accepted practices of the scientific community; and
b. The misconduct was committed intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly. Research Record
The record of data or results that embody the facts resulting from scientific and other forms of inquiry, including but not limited to, research proposals, laboratory records (physical or electronic), physical samples, progress reports, abstracts, theses, oral presentations, internal reports, journal articles, and correspondence that transmits data or results. Respondent
The person against whom an allegation of research misconduct is made.
Full policy can be found here: https://www.jhu.edu/assets/uploads/2017/08/university_research_integrity_policy.pdf |
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